Scale library · Technology & information systems

Online learning readiness (OLRS): Hung et al. (2010)

The OLRS was developed by Hung, Chou, Chen and Own (2010) with Taiwanese university students to measure learners' readiness for online learning. Its 18 items cover five dimensions: computer and internet self-efficacy, self-directed learning, learner control, motivation for learning and online communication self-efficacy. It suits theses on online and blended learning, university learning management systems and student outcomes after COVID-19.

Cite the original, not the blog.

Original English items

Items marked (R) are reverse-coded: recode them before computing reliability or scale scores. Replace bracketed placeholders such as [system] with the name of the system, brand or organization you study.

Computer/Internet self-efficacy (CIS, 3 items)

Code Item wording Reverse-coded
CIS1 I feel confident in performing the basic functions of Microsoft Office programs (MS Word, MS Excel, and MS PowerPoint). No
CIS2 I feel confident in my knowledge and skills of how to manage software for online learning. No
CIS3 I feel confident in using the Internet (Google, Yahoo) to find or gather information for online learning. No

Self-directed learning (SDL, 5 items)

Code Item wording Reverse-coded
SDL1 I carry out my own study plan. No
SDL2 I seek assistance when facing learning problems. No
SDL3 I manage time well. No
SDL4 I set up my learning goals. No
SDL5 I have higher expectations for my learning performance. No

Learner control (in an online context) (LC, 3 items)

Code Item wording Reverse-coded
LC1 I can direct my own learning progress. No
LC2 I am not distracted by other online activities when learning online (instant messages, Internet surfing). No
LC3 I repeat the online instructional materials on the basis of my needs. No

Motivation for learning (in an online context) (MFL, 4 items)

Code Item wording Reverse-coded
MFL1 I am open to new ideas. No
MFL2 I have motivation to learn. No
MFL3 I improve from my mistakes. No
MFL4 I like to share my ideas with others. No

Online communication self-efficacy (OCS, 3 items)

Code Item wording Reverse-coded
OCS1 I feel confident in using online tools (email, discussion) to effectively communicate with others. No
OCS2 I feel confident in expressing myself (emotions and humor) through text. No
OCS3 I feel confident in posting questions in online discussions. No

Response scale

5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree … 5 = Strongly agree), as in studies reusing the scale reviewed by Ilankoon et al. (2025). There are no reverse-coded items; compute a mean for each dimension.

Licence and permission

The items are published in the academic article by Hung et al. (2010) and reproduced in the open-access CC BY article by Sarfraz et al. (2022). Cite the original article; we found no restrictions on academic research use.

Sources (APA 7)

Vietnamese translation

A Vietnamese translation of every item, with sample-size advice and studies that used the scale, is on the Vietnamese page for this scale.

Back to all scales