Scale library · HRM & organizational behavior
Perceived CSR scale: Turker (2009)
Turker (2009) developed this scale for employees to rate their company's social responsibility towards four stakeholder groups: society and the environment, employees, customers and government. It was developed in Turkey and is now widely used in micro-CSR research, which looks at CSR from the employee's point of view. Schulze, Heinitz and Lorenz (2018) re-examined its factor structure in five samples from the US, Germany and India. It suits theses on CSR and employee engagement, commitment and green behavior, or CSR, reputation and firm performance.
Cite the original, not the blog.
- Model or scale: CSR
- Constructs: 4
- Items: 17
Original English items
Items marked (R) are reverse-coded: recode them before computing reliability or scale scores. Replace bracketed placeholders such as [system] with the name of the system, brand or organization you study.
CSR to Social and Non-social Stakeholders (SOC, 7 items)
| Code | Item wording | Reverse-coded |
|---|---|---|
| SOC1 | Our company participates to the activities which aim to protect and improve the quality of the natural environment | No |
| SOC2 | Our company makes investments to create a better life for future generations | No |
| SOC3 | Our company implements special programs to minimize its negative impact on the natural environment. | No |
| SOC4 | Our company targets sustainable growth which considers the future generations. | No |
| SOC5 | Our company supports non-governmental organizations working in problematic areas. | No |
| SOC6 | Our company contributes to the campaigns and projects that promote the well-being of society | No |
| SOC7 | Our company encourages its employees to participate to the voluntary activities | No |
CSR to Employees (EMP, 5 items)
| Code | Item wording | Reverse-coded |
|---|---|---|
| EMP1 | Our company policies encourage the employees to develop their skills and careers | No |
| EMP2 | The management of our company primarily concerns with employees' needs and wants | No |
| EMP3 | Our company implements flexible policies to provide good work and life balance for its employees. | No |
| EMP4 | The managerial decisions related to the employees are usually fair. | No |
| EMP5 | Our company supports employees who want to acquire additional education. | No |
CSR to Customers (CUS, 3 items)
| Code | Item wording | Reverse-coded |
|---|---|---|
| CUS1 | Our company protects consumer rights beyond legal requirements. | No |
| CUS2 | Our company provides full and accurate information about its products or services to its customers. | No |
| CUS3 | Customer satisfaction is highly important for our company | No |
CSR to Government (GOV, 2 items)
| Code | Item wording | Reverse-coded |
|---|---|---|
| GOV1 | Our company always pays its taxes on a regular and continuing basis. | No |
| GOV2 | Our company complies with legal regulations completely and promptly. | No |
Response scale
5- or 7-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree … 5 or 7 = Strongly agree). Schulze, Heinitz and Lorenz (2018) used 5 points; Nguyen et al. (2021) used a strongly disagree to strongly agree scale.
Licence and permission
The items are published in an academic article and reproduced in open-access articles; we found no specific terms of use from the author. Cite Turker (2009) and the article you took the wording from.
Sources (APA 7)
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
- Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLS-SEM: The inverse square root and gamma-exponential methods. Information Systems Journal, 28(1), 227–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12131
- Nguyen, N. T. T., Nguyen, N. P., & Thanh Hoai, T. (2021). Ethical leadership, corporate social responsibility, firm reputation, and firm performance: A serial mediation model. Heliyon, 7(4), e06809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06809
- Schulze, D., Heinitz, K., & Lorenz, T. (2018). Comparative organizational research starts with sound measurement: Validity and invariance of Turker's corporate social responsibility scale in five cross-cultural samples. PLOS ONE, 13(11), e0207331. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207331
- Turker, D. (2009). Measuring corporate social responsibility: A scale development study. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(4), 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9780-6
- Wu, L.-Z., Kwan, H. K., Yim, F. H.-K., Chiu, R. K., & He, X. (2015). CEO ethical leadership and corporate social responsibility: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Business Ethics, 130(4), 819–831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2108-9
Vietnamese translation
A Vietnamese translation of every item, with sample-size advice and studies that used the scale, is on the Vietnamese page for this scale.