Scale library · Technology & information systems

UTAUT scale: Venkatesh et al. (2003)

UTAUT was proposed by Venkatesh, Morris, Davis and Davis (2003) after comparing eight technology acceptance models, including TAM, TPB and diffusion of innovations theory. It retains four key factors: performance expectancy, effort expectancy and social influence affect behavioral intention, while facilitating conditions affect use behavior directly. Gender, age, experience and voluntariness act as moderators. It is often used in theses on workplace software, e-government and university learning systems.

Cite the original, not the blog.

Original English items

Items marked (R) are reverse-coded: recode them before computing reliability or scale scores. Replace bracketed placeholders such as [system] with the name of the system, brand or organization you study.

Performance Expectancy (PE, 4 items)

Code Item wording Reverse-coded
PE1 I would find [system] useful in my job. No
PE2 Using [system] enables me to accomplish tasks more quickly. No
PE3 Using [system] increases my productivity. No
PE4 If I use [system], I will increase my chances of getting a raise. No

Effort Expectancy (EE, 4 items)

Code Item wording Reverse-coded
EE1 My interaction with [system] would be clear and understandable. No
EE2 It would be easy for me to become skillful at using [system]. No
EE3 I would find [system] easy to use. No
EE4 Learning to operate [system] is easy for me. No

Social Influence (SI, 4 items)

Code Item wording Reverse-coded
SI1 People who influence my behavior think that I should use [system]. No
SI2 People who are important to me think that I should use [system]. No
SI3 The senior management of this business has been helpful in the use of [system]. No
SI4 In general, the organization has supported the use of [system]. No

Facilitating Conditions (FC, 4 items)

Code Item wording Reverse-coded
FC1 I have the resources necessary to use [system]. No
FC2 I have the knowledge necessary to use [system]. No
FC3 (R) [system] is not compatible with other systems I use. Yes
FC4 A specific person (or group) is available for assistance with system difficulties. No

Behavioral Intention (BI, 3 items)

Code Item wording Reverse-coded
BI1 I intend to use [system] in the next <n> months. No
BI2 I predict I would use [system] in the next <n> months. No
BI3 I plan to use [system] in the next <n> months. No

Response scale

7-point Likert scale with 1 as the negative and 7 as the positive end (usually 1 = Strongly disagree … 7 = Strongly agree). Many studies use 5 points.

Recoding reverse-coded items: 1–7 scale: new score = 1 + 7 − score = 8 − score; 1–5 scale: new score = 1 + 5 − score = 6 − score.

Licence and permission

The items are published in Table 16 of the academic article and widely used in research. Cite the original article; we found no permission requirement for non-commercial academic use.

Sources (APA 7)

Vietnamese translation

A Vietnamese translation of every item, with sample-size advice and studies that used the scale, is on the Vietnamese page for this scale.

Back to all scales